Subject-Verb Agreement in Sindhi and English Essay Example for Free

open-Verb parallelism in Sindhi and incline Es regulate snarfIn this paper, the researchers particularly investig take ind the emergence field verb look intoment in Sindhi and side of m fertilize spoken linguistic communi twations. face and Sindhi be ii tout ensemble antithetic expressions. There argon differences in their phonology, morphology and syntax in like manner. In this paper, the researchers examined the difference surrounded by superstar of the aspects of syntax, speci tout ensembley the difference between causa verb agreements in two the languages. Syntactic whollyy incline is a lead initial SVO language and Sindhi is a head Final SOV language. These two languages differ not only in phonology, morphology and syntax but they flip also got difference in their origin. First the study delegates a brief look at origin of Sindhi and position languages. Then way out verb agreement in Sindhi and English is analysed individually, subsequentlywards there is a analysis of comparison between these two languages in put down verb agreement. account raillerys Subject-verb, Agreement, Paryog, Head, comparative, sentence structureIntroduction SindhiSindhi is an Indo-Aryan language with its roots in the Lower Indus River Valley. Sindhi language is unrivaled of the most ancient languages of the world, which belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. This language is the family member of the languages like Urdu, Persian, Sanskrit, Arabic, Hindi, and so on. Sindhi employs Perso-Arabic script and thus is compose from discipline to left in contrast to the most of the Western languages which ar written from left to right (Shaikh 1986).Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 136 June 2013 Mubarak Ali Lashari and Amara Aftab SoomroSubject-Verb Agreement in Sindhi and English A Comparative interpretSindhi takes its name from the river Indus, known in earlier times as the Sindhu. Today Sindhi is spoken in the state of Sindh, Pakistan where it is recognized by the authorities as the official language of the state. Nearly half of the population of Sindh province lives in rural beas, where Sindhi is the primary language. In the urban centers of Sindh, Sindhi competes for status and let loo happen uponrs with Urdu (the national language of Pakistan), and increasingly English. Sindhi is also spoken by about 2.5 million people in India, including major communities in Gujarat, Mumbai and Pune, where immigrants from Sindh relocated after the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan. Beyond the Indian subcontinent, Sindhi is spoken by large Diaspora communities in the get together Kingdom and the United States, and around the world.EnglishThe history of the English language really started with the arrival of trinity Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the fifth century AD. These tribes were the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes. They crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. save most of the Celtic speakers were pushed towards west and north by the invaders of importly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englics from which the book of accounts England and English atomic number 18 derived.English is a head initial SVO language, shows distinctive agreement only in the triplet person al wiz(p), precede tense form of verbs, which argon marked by pass oning -s (walks) or -es (fishes). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb (I walk, you walk, they walk, etc.). In English, unique(p) verb generally strike an s at the end, plural form form form verbs do not, and Nouns are the opposite, like book ( eccentric noun), walks ( left over(p) verb) and books (plural noun) , drive (plural verbs) etc. Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 136 June 2013 Mubarak Ali Lashariand A mara Aftab SoomroSindhi StructureIn Sindhi, the order of paroles in a fate differs from English. The verb typically appears at the end of the sentence in Sindhi, succession in English, it comes after the publication, but not at the end of the sentence.Syntactically, Sindhi dis dissembles a host of proper(ip)ties that are typical of Indic languages as a whole. Sindhi is a head-final SOV language. Postpositions are evidence and affixation is largely suffixal. Sindhi verbs agree with their keep downs in person, gender, and number. All inflection proceeds by way of affixation. Sharaf ud boom out Islahi, in The linguistic connections of Urdu and Sindhi languages (Urdu-Sindhi ke Lisani Rawabit), affirms the higher up claims that Sindhi language is closely associated with the sub-continental languages. He confirms that Urdu and Sindhi are two such languages of the sub-continent in which much linguistic relations and agreements are found. Their phonetic system is almost alike. The ir grammar is closely related. Their vocabulary and semantics are inter-connected. Their scripture is almost same. Their literary traditions are also almost analogous.(pp. 61)Sindhi language has taken birth from Sanskrit and Prakrit and its garner of Alphabets are mostly from Sanskrit (Shaikh 1986, pp,6). straight we testament have a brief investigation of syntactical differences between Sindhi and English language. Syntactic difference between English and Sindhi.Structure dependency seems common in all the languages. This asserts that knowledge of language relies on the structural relationship in sentences rather than the sequence of words. (Chomsky 1988).Yet language differs in many ways if knowledge of language consisted simply of unvarying principles, all human languages would be identical. The theory of Head parameters specifies the order of elements in a language. It asserts that several(prenominal) languages are head-initial and some languages are head-final. We are here concerned with English and Sindhi language, so the syntactic differences of both these languages are given below1. English is a head-initial language and Sindhi is a head-final language. Other differences are2. Sindhi is written from right hand rule, while English is written from left hand side.ExampleThis is English. - (He Sindhi Ahe) 3. In Sindhi language, the auxiliaries such as. --- ,- - ,-- ,- appear at the end of the sentence, while in English auxiliaries appear in middle of the sentence.ExampleThis is my book. (He Muhjo Kitab Ahe) 4. In Sindhi language, verbs come after the aim of the sentence, while in English language verbs come before the object of the sentence.ExampleI am eating.- (Aaon Khai Rahyo Ahyan)- 5. In Sindhi language, preposition comes after the object, while in the English language object comes after preposition.ExampleI am going to School. (Aaon School Danhn Wajji Rahyo Ahyan) Subject Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement is a grammatical r ule, which states that the matter and the verb mustiness agree in a sentence. The subject normally constitutes to the noun or pronoun that tells us whom or what the sentence is about. A verb normally has a singular and plural form in the present tense. Agreement allows us to show whos doing what in a sentence by indicating which part of the sentence go together. In languages where the verb is inflected, it practically agrees with its primary argument (the subject) in person, number, and/or gender. The word whose form is determined by the agent(a) is verbalize to be agree with it. Agreement can occur over short or long distances in sentences (Neelman and Weeman 1999).For example consider the following sentence tail blames themIn this sentence, the verb blames agrees with the subject John. And the subject is licenced by agreement. There is no agreement between the verb and object them.Subject Verb Agreement in EnglishSubjectThe word that represents the doer or agent of an act ion or set of actions in a sentence is every a noun (e.g., pen, car, Jessica etc) or a pronoun (e.g., we, they, he, she etc). It can be either a singular or plural.1. Your sentence may have a composite subject.2. Your subject will never be in a prepositional phrase.3. unremarkably your subject comes before your verb.VerbThe word/words represents the actions of a sentence (e.g., is, went, will place, have taken, will have been observed, etc.). Wren and Martin (2002) define verb as A Verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. Verb comes from the Latin verbum, a word. It is so called beca persona it is the most serious word in a sentence (pp. 65).Subject verb agreement refers to the change in the form of a verb dep goal on its subject. Wren and Martin (2001) say thatThe subject of the verb, like the personal pronouns, has three persons- the for the first time, the second and the third gear. The subject of a verb may be first person (I, we), second pers on (You singular, You plural), or third person (he, she, it, they). In English a verb changes form only when its subject is third person singular (he/she/it) and only in the present tense.Present TenseSingular plural formI eatThey eatYou eatYou eatHe, She, It takeWe eatPast tenseSingularPluralI ateThey ateYou ateYou ateHe, She, It ateWe ateThe subjects above given are not underlined. The verbs are bold and underlined. without delay look at the present tense conjugations of verbs, beca make use of that is where you will see a difference. In the present tense, all of the different subject uses eat except for the third person subjects he, she, and it. If you are using what are called regular verbs, you will of all time add this -s after the third person subject. Therefore you can say I like apples, You like apples, but if you use She, you must say She likes apples.English grammar is not quite a this simple in practice because people dont incessantly use the words I, She, He, They, We, You, and It. Usually they are to a greater extent specific rather simple. For instance say, My sister teaches a class at college or Joe and Jessica always dress well. Now look at the subject and than decide what type of word of pronoun it is. My mother is a She, so the verb must include an s or es. Joe and Jessica are they, so the verb will not have the s or es ending.Regular vs. Irregular VerbsThis is a little to a greater extent complicated because there are two types of verbs Regular and irregular. Regular verbs such as walk, play, jump and always follows s as stated above. and in the past tense form you will add ed to make walked, played, jumped. But irregular verbs do not follow this pattern. Below are given three most common irregular verbs and their conjugations, which you will have to memorize in order to use them correctly.To BePresent TenseSingularPluralI amWe areYou areYou areHe, She, It isThey arePast tenseSingularPluralI wasWe wereYou wereYou wereHe, She, It wasThe y wereTo HavePresent TenseSingularPluralI haveWe haveYou haveYou haveHe, She, It hasThey havePast tenseSingularPluralI hadWe hadYou hadYou hadHe, She, It hadThey hadTo DoPresent TenseSingularPluralI doWe doYou doYou doHe, She, It doesThey doPast tenseSingularPluralI didWe didYou didYou didHe, She, It didThey didsome(a) Additional Rules*When you have a subject with both the singular or plural noun like Mr,Anderson and the students)., make the verb agree to the encompassing(prenominal) one. For instance, Jessica and the students like their university.*Make sure that contradictions like isnt/ arent, dont/ doesnt, havent etc agreewith the verb. For instance,Joe doesnt like macroni. (Does not)The Andersons dont like pizza. (Do not)*Words that come between a subject and its verb do not affect the number (singularor plural) of the subject. You must determine which word is the sentences subject and whence use it to decide whether the verb needs an -s ending. For instance, .A computer with a variety of memory chips serves a peculiar(a) purpose. Computers with a variety of memory chips serve a special purpose.* If the verb comes before the subject, it still need to be conjugated. For instance, There are three children with the cat in the garden.* If you see who, which or that as a subject, than use the type of the verb that best suits the noun the who, which or that stands for. For instance. Maira is the type of person who is always silent.Maira is one of those girls who are always silent.Subject Verb Agreement for Compound SubjectsA compound subject is made up of two or more subjects that are connected by a coordinating conjunctions. Both the subjects have the same verb. Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 136 June 2013 Mubarak Ali Lashari and Amara Aftab Soomro*When the compound subject is connected by and. It is tough as plural. Forinstance,Rabia and Sadia are my sisters.Ahmed and Aslam are absent.*A compound subject that refers to one thing/ idea/person or to somethingconsidered as one unit is treated as singular.The producer and theater director of the film has won an award.(When one person is both the director and producer).* When there are two singular nouns joined by or or nor, use the singular verb. This is because you are looking at the noun separately, not as a combination. For instance,Neither Max nor John wants to do singingThe mango or the apple juice is all right with me.* A compound subject made up of a singular subject and plural subject connected by or or nor is treated as follows.1. Singular, if the subject close to the verb is singular. For instance, Either the students or the teacher has taken the globe from here. (Teachersingular)2. Plural, if the subject close to the verb is plural.Neither the ship nor the boats are in sight. (Boatsplural) * When the subjects joined by or/nor are of different persons. The verb agrees with the nearer subject.Either he or I am guilty.Neither you nor they are responsib le.* Two nouns qualified by each or every, even though connected by and, requires a singular verb.Every boy and every girl was given a packet of sweets.Specific Cases of the Subject-Verb Agreement* A collective noun can be treated as a singular or a plural depending on the context. *Collective nouns like group, team, committee, class, family treat a group as a hotshot entity and therefore, should use singular verbs. For instance, 1.The group is cooperative.2. The hockey team has great players.*It is treated as a plural when the components of the noun are consideredindividually. For instance,The committee have issued individual dissenting notes.The board of directors are divided on the implementation of the reforms.*Always match the indefinite pronouns such as much, someone, anyone,everyone, anything, nothing, something, everyone, each, every, either, neither, no one, one, other etc with singular verbs. For instance,Every one is anxious about me.Anyone who has got a problem, please stand up.*Some nouns like untesteds, civics, mumps, physics, mathematics are singular andshould be matched with the singular verbs. For instance,Mumps is a terrible diseaseNo news is good news.*Some nouns like spectacles ending in s however are treated as plural eventhough they refer to one thing or pair .for instanceHis spectacles are broken.* Some indefinite pronouns such as few, many and several are always plural. For instance,Several new products were introduced recentlyFew girls were absent yesterday.* Certain words such as any, all, most, more, none, enough, and plenty can either be singular or plural.1. They are singular, when they refer to one thing or person or to a portion of something and, hence they a singular verb. For instanceMost of the work is over.2. They are plural, when they refer to a number of individual things, persons, and places and hence they take a plural verb. For instance,Most of my neighbours are government employees. ( several)* Many is singular as it modifies with a singular noun. For instance, Many students tries hard to pass this entrance exam.* Titles of books, magazines, etc are singular. For instance, The ArabianNights is still read by many people.*Words or phrases that express an amount of money, fraction, distance, orinterval of time are singular. For instance,Twenty kilometres is a long distance.One hundred rupees is enough for this labour.* illuminate nouns denoting clothing, furniture, cutlery, stationary, etc. are singular. This stationary is expensive.Davidson (2003) states that sometimes it is not the immediate subject, or what seems to be the subject of the verb that determines whether the verb must be singular or plural, but some other words or phrase in the sentence. For example The boy who is playing outside is my son. (the boy is the antecedent of the relative pronoun who).Subject Verb Agreement in SindhiIn Sindhi , the verb agrees with the subject and its number (either singular or plural), gender ( manly or feminine) and persons ( pronoun) .The word Kartar or karta style Faail, which we can say Subject in English and the Kartary means Faailey( Kam Kandarr ) which we can say Subjective in Englishlanguage.The verb in Sindhi can be defined as a word that shows to be, to do, to have or an action on something, that is said to be a verb or in short a word which tells something about a person or thing etc. (Baig1992, pp.2).Verb which in Sindhi language is called Fael has two main kinds. According to Allana (2004),All the Dravidian languages have two kinds of verbs Fael Mutaadi and Fael Lazmi (pp. 262). They are same as 1. Fael Lazmi (Intransitive verb) and 2. Fael Mutaadi (Transitive verb) same as in English language.In Sindhi, the agreement is said to be a Nisbatoon or Paryoog, Paryoog of Sindhi language is taken from Sanskrit language which means Nisbatoon or Melap, or we can say agreement in English language. which shows the verb agreement with other componentsThere are three types o f Nisbatoon or Paryoog in Sindhi language. 1. Kartary paryoog (Subjective agreement).2. Karmani paryoog (Objective agreement).3. Bhawei Paryoog (Neuter agreement).Here we are concerned with the Kartary Paryoog (Subjective agreement). 1. In Sindhi language, presentation the number agreement of a verb with its subjects. - (Chhokro khedde tho boy plays)- -(Chhokra kheddan tha Boys play) - * In the former sentence, the subject is singular in number, than the verb agrees to it as khede tho.* In the posterior sentence, the subject is plural in number, the verb agrees to it as khedan tha. lets look at some more examples (Ho Masjid wayo He went to mosque) (Uhe Masjid waya, They went to mosque)- * In the former sentence, when there is a singular subject as Hu (He), than it takes singular verb aswayo. ( went)* In the latter sentence, when the subject is plural in number as Uhay (They), than the verb changes from wayo to waya particularly in Sindhi language.2. All the Sindhi nouns b elong to one of the two noun genders, feminine and masculine. A verb in the clause agrees to the gender of the noun. For example, the verb laugh agrees with the gender of the subject. (Chhokro khilyo Boy laughed) (Chhokree Khilee, Girl laughed) - male nouns commonly occur with the vowel endings -o in the singular , and with the aa in the plural. And feminine noun commonly occur with the vowel endings i in the singular and oon in the plural .Verb agreement in Kartary Paryoog changes according to the gender of the subject. For instance, (Chhokro khedyo huo Boy had played)- - (Chhokri kheddi hue, Girl had played)- * In the former sentence, there is a masculine gender - ( boy), the verb agrees to it as -* In the later sentence, there is a feminine gender -( - girl), the verb agrees to it as - .Lets look at some more examples. (Ahmed School wayo, Ahmed went to school). (Rabia school wayee, Rabia went to school)- * In the former sentence. If there is a masculine gender (A hmed), the verb agrees to it as -- * In the later sentence, when there is a feminine gender (Rabia), the verb agrees to it as - - preferably of -.- 3. The changing of the verb agreement of Sindhi language according to the persons (pronoun). For instance, (Aaon khedandus, I shall play)- - (Aseen khedandaseen, We shall play)- - (Hoo khedandee, She will play) (Uhey khedanda, They will play) Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 136 June 2013 Mubarak Ali Lashari and Amara Aftab SoomroSubject-Verb Agreement in Sindhi and English A Comparative news report487In the first sentence, when the pronoun is first person singular , the verb stand for it as -.-In the second sentence, the subject is first person plural, the verb agrees to it as a .- In the third sentence, the subject is third person singular, the verb agrees to it as - In the fourth sentence, the subject is third person plural, the verb agrees to it as -Differences between the Subject Verb Agreement in Sindhi and EnglishHere are some of the areas where English and Sindhi subject verb agreement differs. LikeAgreement with mortalPresent TenseEnglishSindhiI speak you speak he speaks She speaksWe speakThey speak Now we can see from the above given examples that in English a verb changes form only when its subject is third person singular (he/she/it) and only in the present tense. Now look at the present tense conjugations of verbs, because that is where you Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 136 June 2013 Mubarak Ali Lashari and Amara Aftab SoomroSubject-Verb Agreement in Sindhi and English A Comparative Study488will see a difference. In the present tense, all of the different subject uses speak except for the third person subjects he, she, and it. If you are using what are called regular verbs, you will always add this -s (speaks) after the third person subject. But in Sindhi, all of the different subjects agree with different verb forms, as the first person subject - -agrees with the verb - , and - agrees with the verb - instead of - .- The second person subject - agrees with the verb - .- And the third person subject - -agrees with the verb - -- , - uses with the verb - and - - uses with the verb - - and In Sindhi main verb comes with the accompaniment verb like - . -here - - is a main verb and - -is an auxiliary verb. Other auxiliary verbs are like - -- ,-- ,-etc Past TenseEnglishSindhiI visited you visited he visited She visited We visitedThey visited Now we can see from above given examples that in English, a verb doesnt changes form for the first, second or even for third person subject in the past tense, you can see that, all of the different subjects agrees with the verb visited . But in Sindhi, the case is different. The entire different subject uses different verbs in the past tense too. As for the first person subject - uses the verb - and - agrees with the verb -.- and th e second person subject - -usesthe verb - .-And the third person subject -(-He) uses the verb -,- Hua (She) uses the verb - - and - agrees with the verb -.- succeeding(a) TenseEnglishSindhi. I will beverage you will drinking he will drinkShe will drink We will drink they will drinkNow we can see from above given examples that in English, a verb doesntchange its form for the first, second or even for third person subject in the future tense, you can see that all of the different subjects agrees with the verb will drink. But in Sindhi, the case is different in future tense also. The entire different subject uses different verbs in the present, past and even in future tense. As the first person subject - -uses the verb with it as - ,- and - - uses the verb ,- the second person subject - -uses the verb - - and the third person subject - -agrees with the verb - -- , agrees with the verb -- and - - agrees with the verb - - Agreement with GenderThe boy had cry The g irl had cry Now you can see in the above given examples that in English, the subject for both the genders (masculine and feminine) as the boy and the girl agrees with the verb cry.But in Sindhi, the masculine subject - -agrees with the verb as - -with vowel ending o, but the feminine subject - - agrees with the verb as - - with the vowel sound ending i. for more understanding another example isThe dog ran The cat ran Dog is the masculine gender and cat is the feminine gender, In English the verb doesnt change its form for different gender subjects. As in above examples, the verb agrees to both the gender subjects dog and cat as ran. But in Sindhi, the verb changes its form for different genders. As the gender (masculine) subject -agrees with the verb as - ,- and the feminine gender subject - -agrees with the verb as - - with the vowel endings o and I respectively.Agreement with NumbersThe boy plays The boys play She eats They eat In English, we will always add this -s after the singular third personsubject he, she, and it, and a verb has a singular and plural forms in the present tense only. the boy is a he so the verb must include an s or es ending like plays. and for plural subject as the boys refers to they, the verb will not have the s or es ending like play. Same is the case with She agrees with the verb as eats, and They agrees with the verb as eat.And in Sindhi, the subject - -is a singular in number. Then the verb agrees to it as - ,- But if the subject - -is plural in number than the verb agrees to it as - .- Same is the case with the singular subject - -agrees with the verb as - - and the plural subject - - agrees with the verb as - .- Similarities in Some CasesHere are some of the areas, where English and Sindhi per centum a common rule for subject verb agreement like* Every verb should agree with the subject in number and person. For instance, English They like sweets. (They=plural, like=plural).Sindhi Uhay mitha pasand kan tha. (Uhay=plural, pasand kan tha=plural) * When a compound subject is connected by and, it is treated as plural in both Sindhi and English. For instance,English Rabia and Sadia are my sisters. (Are= plural)Sindhi =--( plural) * If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb treated as singular in both Sindhi and English. For instance,English The producer and director of the film has won an award. (Has won= singular).Sindhi = --( - singular). (When one person is both the producer and director).* Words joined to a singular subjects by words such as with, as well as etc are treated as singular in both Sindhi and English.English Sanskrit as well Arabic was taught there. (Was taught = singular).Sindhi - = -( .- singular).* When the subjects joined by the or or nor are of different person. The verb agrees to with the nearer in both Sindhi and English.English Neither you nor he is responsible. (He = singular, is = singular).Sindhi = --( - singular, - = -singular) English Either he or I am guilty. (I = singular, am = singular) Sindhi = - -( .- singular, =-singular).* When the plural noun is a proper name for some single object or some collective unit. It follows a singular verb in both Sindhi and English. English The Arabian Nights is still a great favourite. (Arabian Nights = plural, is = singular)Sindhi -( Arabian Nights = plural, - = -singular)*The collective noun can be treated as singular in both Sindhi and English ,when the noun is considered as a single unit.English This group is cooperative. (Is = singular)Sindhi - = --( .- singular)* Words and phrases that express an amount or money, fraction, distance, or interval of time are singular in both Sindhi and English.English Twenty kilometres is a long distance. (Is = singular) Sindhi - =-( singular)English One hundred rupee is a large sum. (Is = singular)Sindhi - = --( - singular) ConclusionFrom above analysis, we have examined that the subject and the verb agrees in a sentence. Agreement allows us to show whos doing what in a sentence by indicating which part of the sentence go together. And through above analysis of comparison between Sindhi and English verb agreement, we have come to know the difference as well as the similarities in subject verb agreement in both languages. =========================================================ReferencesAhmed, S , Shah, Z. Qurat-ul-Ain (2004) , Syntactical interpreting System for English to Sindhi translation. A paper presented in National Conferenceon EmergingTechnologies 2004. Retrieved fromhttp//www.szabist.edu.pk/Publications/ academic term%20VI%20Paper%20No%201%20(P %20112-115).pdfBajwa.F (-), The fundamental of English Grammar and composition. Nela Gumbal, Lahore Zia PublishersBarber, C. (1964). The Story of language. Pan piper/ Pan books Ltd. Cook.J. V. (1996). Chomskys Universal Grammar. Hong kong, Blackwell Publisher. Cole, J.S (2006), The Sindhi language. Asian educational Services. Catherine (2013), BBC learning English, subject-verb agreement. 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