legalize :: essays research papers

Cannabis is one of the most widely used drugs throughout the world. The psychoactive constituent of cannabis, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), produces a myriad of pharmacological effects in animals and humans. ganja has been in use for over 4,000 years as a therapeutic and as a recreational drug. It can have both stimulant and ataraxic properties. In usual intoxicating doses, it produces a sense of well-being, relaxation, a loss of temporal aw arness, slowing of thought processes, impairment of short term memory, and a scent of achieving special insights. At high dosed marijuana can induce panic, toxic delirium, and not often, psychosis.Marijuana is the term used to describe the leaves and flowering transcend of the Cannabis sativa plant. Like other herbal medicines, the Cannabis plant plays host to a number of chemicals. The plant houses approximately 460 known compounds. Sixty of these are unequalled to the Cannabis plant and are called cannabinoids. The primary p sychoactive cannabinoid is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interacts with cannabinoid sensory receptors to trigger dopamine relase from the mesolimbic reward system. Chemically the cannabinoids are classed as terpenoid (terpene-like). These compounds occur as essential oils in spite of appearance many plants and some are involved in vitamin, steroid and pigment formation. There are two known endogenous cannabinoid receptors named CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are found to begin with in the brain. They are most prevalent in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. CB1 receptors in the hippocampus mediate effects on short-term memory. CB2 receptors are to a fault found in the brain, but more so expressed by cells of the immune system, especially B cells. The CB receptor is a G protein mediated receptor that affects primarily calcium and potassium channel activation (Howlett et al, 1995). Both receptors are G protein linked, decrease adenyl cyclase activity, inhibit calcium N channels, and disinhibit potassium channels. Functional changes are most notable in neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. Both receptor types selectively bind THC, the active principle in marijuana, and anandamide, an endogenous cannabimimetic eicosanoid (Felder et al, 2000). As was on the button mentioned, there is in any case an endogenous cannabinoid system, the brains own marijuana, capable of activating these cannabinoid receptors functionally. These endocannabinoids are synthesized by neurons and inactivated by reuptake systems and enzymes in both neurons and glia. Initially, the receptors were considered orphan receptors meaning that there were no endogenous ligands. Subsequent research turned up two endogenous cannabinoid ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, that not only bind to the receptors but also mimic many of the biological actions of plant-derived cannabinoids.

Suicide Bombers: What makes them tick? Essay -- Psychological Traum

Has any champion ever wondermented how one individual could kill thousands of individuals, and not feel bad about it? Thousands of people die each twelvemonth due to felo-de-se assail, but not too many people know why they do it. Also, no one really wonders about the past times and how suicide going started. Someone did not just wake up, and decide to strap bombs to themselves, then detonate them inside a building full of people. This establish will discuss the history of suicide bombing, the training of a bomber, the personality of a suicide bomber, the different motivations behind his or her action, and the way culture impacts the bombing and the bomber. In order to understand the motivations behind suicide bombing, society needs to grasp the history of it. Suicide bombing was not really theory of until the 1980s when one boy named Hossein Fahmiden died with a grenade in his hand during a battle. This incident started to change the way society viewed what the Quran said abou t killing yourself. People of this time, thought that it was bad, but then their views started to change after Fahmiden died. They thought it would help them and their families get into their version of heaven, called paradise. In 1983 suicide bombing became part of their cultural beliefs. Society, before it back up suicide bombing, had a huge debate on whether or not it was religiously supported. The Quran says that Muslims cannot kill themselves because they will not go to paradise. However, fighting and dying for ones country makes them a hero. Suicide bombers of that time, and still today justify their actions using the excuse that they are fighting for their country (MacEoin 15-24).One may wonder how you become a suicide bomber. Many people think that these men ... ...culture is completely unhealthy for anyone, and will only breed future problems. Suicide bombers handwriting with a lot. They suicide bombers in the Muslim society have a expectation to live up to, and strugg le to deal with it every day. The history of suicide bombing is very real, along with the debate on whether or not the Quran approves of suicide bombing. Suicide bombers are smart people who society would not include a second glance at. They do have certain personality characteristics, but so do non-suicide bombers. Many people believe that they only bomb because of anger or because they are crazy. This may be the case for some, but majority of them honestly believe that they are helping society out. Their culture does not help them in this matter and actually encourages suicide bombing. A combination of all these things is what makes suicide bombers tick.

The Development of Psychology Essays -- Research Essays Term Papers

The Development of psychological sciencePsychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and the mind. This definition implies three things. The first is that psychology is a science, a field that can be studied through accusing methods of observation and experimentation. The second is that it is the study of behavior, animal activity that can be observe and measured. And the third is that it is the study of the mind, the conscious and unconscious mental states that cannot be seen but inferred through observation. This modern-day definition of psychology sheds light on the history of psychology, for it further became a science in the late 19th century though psychological thought has been present since Antiquity. Previously, psychology had been studied indirectly in the palm of philosophy and physiology.The term psychology has been around for many centuries, coming from two Greek words psyche, which means soul, and logos, which means the study of. Before the psychology positive into a science, philosophers from as early as Ancient Greece were asking all sorts of psychological questions such as where do emotions come from, does the world we see make up in color, what is perception and what is reality? But philosophers debating these questions relied on the method of rationalism to explain these phenomena. Rationalism uses logic and reasoning to find truth. This technique is far from objective and cannot accurately determine scientific truth. Psychology also had roots in physiology, a branch of biology that studies living organisms and their parts. Physiologists would conduct studies of the brain and the nervous dust to explain mental illnesses, an important area of study in the field of psychology. Physiology however, is... ... of the most recognizable are behaviorism, which arose out of criticism of introspection as a valid research method and set out to study only behavior which could be observed directly. Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, John W atson, and B.F. Skinner influenced this new take on psychology. Other movements include humanistic psychology in the 50s and 60s, and cognitive psychology of present day.Sources Consultedhttp//www.dustbunny.fsnet.co.uk/Psy1.htm The Development of Psychology article on the history of psychology as a field of scientific studyhttp//www.alleydog.com/101notes/history.html The Field and History of Psychology university class lecture on the history of psychologyhttp//www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/History/EmergenceOfPsy.htmA Psychology Resource Guide with links to relevant sites regarding the emergence of psychology as a science

Capital Punishment Must Be Abolished Essay -- Capital Punishment, Deat

The stopping point penalty is not the most effective form of penalty for criminals. The finish penalty is hypocritical it condemns killing by killing people. Many loseers of capital punishment cite retribution as being a justification for the death penalty however, no matter what the circumstance, mutilate is never justified. Ghandi once said An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. Two wrongs can never make a right. Capital punishment should be abolished because while even though many supporters of the death penalty claim that it prevents crime, there is no evidence that it has been proven to do so. Also, many people support the death penalty because it prevents criminals from ever being exclusivelyowed back on the streets to commit further crimes. The death penalty is a preferred method of punishment because it is eonian however, it should be avoided because it is permanent. There is too much of a possibility that an innocent person could be executed for a crime that t hey did not commit. An execution cannot be undone. Studies have also shown that the death penalty is a biased method of punishment because disadvantaged people, such as minorities and people of lower social positioning are more likely to be executed. This is unfair because all people have the same rights and should receive equal and fair punishment for their crimes. An alternative punishment to the death penalty is life without parole it is just as effective a way to prevent someone committing more crimes as executing them. Supporters of the death penalty also argue that it is cheaper to execute a criminal than it is to keep them in prison for life. However, statistics have shown that the cost of putting a criminal to death, including all of the time and money spent in... ....deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-about-deterrence-and-death-penalty.Lowe, Wesley. Pro Capital Punishment Page. Pro Capital Punishment Page. 22 July 2009. Web. 02 Jan. 2015. .Ornellas, Lori. Death Penalty Arguments. Pro-death penalty.com. 03 May 2001. Web. 09 Jan. 2015. .Reggio, Michael H. History of the death penalty. PBS. Web. 5 Jan. 2015. . Should the death penalty be used for retribution? Death Penalty - ProCon.org. 06 Jan. 2009. Web. 09 Jan. 2015. .Worsnop, Richard L. Death Penalty Debate. CQ Researcher 5.9 (1995) 193-216. CQ Researcher. Web. 2 Jan. 2015. .

An Increased Understanding of Neurobiology :: Neurobiology Biology Health Essays

An Increased Understanding of NeurobiologyIt is a beautiful day outside, the person you cargon round just told you they feel the same way, you paid all your bills and still adjudge money left over, and you finished all your work on time, yet you atomic number 18 still in a rattling crabby mood. Or, it is an awful day out, you just fai conduct an exam, you have a ton of work to finish in as well as little time, and you were just dumped, still you have a feeling of well-being that you raisenot change. We have all been there, our emotions seem to have a mind of their own and we do not know why we are feeling what we are feeling. Philosophers, psychologists, and science fiction writers have been debating the usefulness of emotions for centuries, still we continue to experience them and deal with them as part of our existence as human body-hearted beings. Neurobiologists have preferred to take the tactic of looking at emotions as something we experience, thus something that shoul d be studied. This tactic has direct to some interesting evidence in terms of the usefulness of emotion in our everyday life. Some have found that experiencing the variety of feelings that we do king help in our ability to imagine things and in learning about the world around us. If it is the case that emotional information does help us when we commend things and learn, then how do emotions work in the brain? There have been found to be some key structures, each playing a character reference in the way we experience emotions and what kind of moods are experienced. Still, with all of this information, we still have emotions that we cannot explain given our everyday experience. The increased understanding of neurobiology that we have can be used to explain why we feel what we do, even when the external world cannot. It had long been thought that any research into emotion was a furious of good research efforts. There were galore(postnominal) reasons for this, but primarily the i dea was that emotions were not scientific enough for science. As time and methods have changed, so has that view and now emotions are looked at with about more respect and less apprehension about their not being rational. (1) This change in attitude has led to people finding that emotions might in reality lead to somewhat useful things.An Increased Understanding of Neurobiology Neurobiology Biology Health EssaysAn Increased Understanding of NeurobiologyIt is a beautiful day outside, the person you care about just told you they feel the same way, you paid all your bills and still have money left over, and you finished all your work on time, yet you are still in a very crabby mood. Or, it is an awful day out, you just failed an exam, you have a ton of work to finish in too little time, and you were just dumped, still you have a feeling of well-being that you cannot change. We have all been there, our emotions seem to have a mind of their own and we do not know why we are feeling what we are feeling. Philosophers, psychologists, and science fiction writers have been debating the usefulness of emotions for centuries, still we continue to experience them and deal with them as part of our existence as human beings. Neurobiologists have preferred to take the tactic of looking at emotions as something we experience, thus something that should be studied. This tactic has led to some interesting evidence in terms of the usefulness of emotion in our everyday life. Some have found that experiencing the variety of feelings that we do might help in our ability to remember things and in learning about the world around us. If it is the case that emotional information does help us when we remember things and learn, then how do emotions work in the brain? There have been found to be some key structures, each playing a role in the way we experience emotions and what kind of moods are experienced. Still, with all of this information, we still have emotions that we cannot ex plain given our everyday experience. The increased understanding of neurobiology that we have can be used to explain why we feel what we do, even when the external world cannot. It had long been thought that any research into emotion was a waste of good research efforts. There were many reasons for this, but primarily the idea was that emotions were not scientific enough for science. As time and methods have changed, so has that attitude and now emotions are looked at with slightly more respect and less apprehension about their not being rational. (1) This change in attitude has led to people finding that emotions might actually lead to somewhat useful things.

An Increased Understanding of Neurobiology :: Neurobiology Biology Health Essays

An Increased Understanding of NeurobiologyIt is a beautiful twenty-four hours outside, the person you care about save told you they feel the same way, you paid all your bills and shut away have money left over, and you finished all your flirt on eon, yet you are still in a very crabby mood. Or, it is an awful day out, you just failed an exam, you have a ton of survive to finish in too wee time, and you were just dumped, still you have a feeling of well-being that you cannot transform. We have all been there, our emotions seem to have a mind of their own and we do not k nowadays why we are feeling what we are feeling. Philosophers, psychologists, and science fiction writers have been debating the usefulness of emotions for centuries, still we have-to doe with to experience them and deal with them as persona of our existence as human beings. Neurobiologists have preferred to take the tactic of looking at emotions as whateverthing we experience, and then something that shoul d be studied. This tactic has led to some interesting evidence in terms of the usefulness of emotion in our everyday life. Some have free-base that experiencing the variety of feelings that we do might encourage in our ability to remember things and in learning about the world around us. If it is the case that emotional tuition does help us when we remember things and learn, consequently how do emotions work in the brain? There have been found to be some key structures, each playing a role in the way we experience emotions and what kind of moods are experienced. Still, with all of this information, we still have emotions that we cannot explain given our everyday experience. The change magnitude understanding of neurobiology that we have can be used to explain why we feel what we do, even when the external world cannot. It had long been thought that any interrogation into emotion was a waste of equitable research efforts. There were many reasons for this, but primarily the ide a was that emotions were not scientific enough for science. As time and methods have changed, so has that attitude and now emotions are looked at with slightly more respect and less apprehension about their not being rational. (1) This change in attitude has led to nation finding that emotions might actually lead to somewhat useful things.An Increased Understanding of Neurobiology Neurobiology Biology Health EssaysAn Increased Understanding of NeurobiologyIt is a beautiful day outside, the person you care about just told you they feel the same way, you paid all your bills and still have money left over, and you finished all your work on time, yet you are still in a very crabby mood. Or, it is an awful day out, you just failed an exam, you have a ton of work to finish in too little time, and you were just dumped, still you have a feeling of well-being that you cannot change. We have all been there, our emotions seem to have a mind of their own and we do not know why we are feelin g what we are feeling. Philosophers, psychologists, and science fiction writers have been debating the usefulness of emotions for centuries, still we continue to experience them and deal with them as part of our existence as human beings. Neurobiologists have preferred to take the tactic of looking at emotions as something we experience, thus something that should be studied. This tactic has led to some interesting evidence in terms of the usefulness of emotion in our everyday life. Some have found that experiencing the variety of feelings that we do might help in our ability to remember things and in learning about the world around us. If it is the case that emotional information does help us when we remember things and learn, then how do emotions work in the brain? There have been found to be some key structures, each playing a role in the way we experience emotions and what kind of moods are experienced. Still, with all of this information, we still have emotions that we cannot e xplain given our everyday experience. The increased understanding of neurobiology that we have can be used to explain why we feel what we do, even when the external world cannot. It had long been thought that any research into emotion was a waste of good research efforts. There were many reasons for this, but primarily the idea was that emotions were not scientific enough for science. As time and methods have changed, so has that attitude and now emotions are looked at with slightly more respect and less apprehension about their not being rational. (1) This change in attitude has led to people finding that emotions might actually lead to somewhat useful things.

Analysis Report of Cango

Analysis Report of CanGo Veronica Perla BSN460ON Senior Project Dr. John Martin September 7, 2009 Overview CanGo is an meshing startup come with that retails an exciting set forth of products and services, ranging from books and videos to online gaming, and prides itself on providing the best customer service in terms of product delivery and support. The orders Web site is fun and easy to riding habit employing the latest technology in Web site development, product innovation, and services is how CanGo strives to provide their customers with the most exciting entertainment.The majority of CanGos customers are the Gen-Xers and the Gen-Yers, who enjoy the latest in online gaming and entertainment. Under age, consumers (under 18 years of age) are serviced responsibly by requiring adult permission for online purchases. CanGo strongly values its employees and customers. The company best serves its employees by involving them in decision-making, module training, and development. Ca nGo believes that keeping their employees motivated and working at their full potential spate translate into the best customer service possible.There is a growing trend that CanGo has identified in spite of appearance the gaming industry that will be utilized to beget the company added success. This growing trend is online gaming. CanGo wants to become a leader of the online gamming market. The hope of the company is to become a complete success story both as an online retailer and online gaming service. The company has recently been c bothed a success story by the Hudson Valley Business Association. The CEO of CanGo, Elizabeth Bennet, has been named the Regions Business Leader of the year.Potential entrepreneurs want to know how and why CanGo became a success story. This leads to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that this Internet Company has and faces in its entrepreneurial endeavors. S. W. O. T Analysis The information used to develop this analysis was tak en from the visual analysis performed on recorded episodes personation staff interaction and company dynamics. The observations will be separated into internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) issues. Strengths CanGo has demonstrated a few strengths in these preliminary episodes.Elizabeth Bennet, CEO of CanGo, is the companys greatest strength. Her resource of knowing what consumers want and how to get it to them at a lower cost is what has do CanGo a success story in Hudson Valley. This passion is carried finished to the staff and is demonstrated by Andrews eagerness to take on the potentially lucrative market of online gaming. The CanGo staff is another genius of the companys strengths. Each staff member brings an additional resource to the company that can be utilized to improve productivity and development.For instance, Debbie has government activityal skills and a teaching background that can be utilized for training purposes. Training a nd development are strengths that successful companies posses. Utilizing the skills that each staff member brings can serving CanGo become a bigger success story across the country and not just in Hudson Valley. These strengths also lead to CanGos weaknesses as a company. Weaknesses These preliminary episodes also showed many of CanGos weaknesses. The most apparent weakness would be the lack of a vision statement, mission statement and strategic plan.These weaknesses were do apparent by Elizabeth Bennets frustration with the writing of the speech she was to give at the Chamber of Commerce meeting. She states that her success was pure luck and that all she did was begin a new business venture. A strategic plan is important to a successful company because it guides and focuses all staff members to specific goals and establishes a course of action to achieve them. Strategic planning also serves as a way to ensure that all departments within the organization share a common goal.Anothe r important component to a successful business is the vision and mission statements. Vision statements are written for the organization and its employees. They are comprised of the dreams and inspirations of the organization and where it is headed. This statement also serves as the framework for the organizations strategic plan. Mission statements are a representation of the organizations purpose for existing. It should be derived from the vision statement and used as a guide when producing a strategic plan.These three articles would have helped Elizabeth write the Chamber of Commerce speech by providing her with the foundation necessary to provide the potential entrepreneurs attending this meeting the how and why of CanGos success. There are a few other internal issues that execration CanGo and may impede its success if not addressed. The lack of project implementation procedures, organizational skills, management involvement and skepticism can lead to poor performance, failed pro jects, and miscommunication. Implementing a project plan can help keep staff members on course and pinpoint areas that may need special attention.This plan also helps excite sure that projects follow specific paths to guarantee timely results. Utilizing the resources that staff members bring to the company will ensure that everyone has the skills necessary to accomplish their objectives. For instance, Debbie Haynes was previously a teacher at the Drake School of Business she possesses great organizational and teaching skills that can be utilized by CanGo to further develop the staff. Debbie can head a training seminar on the importance of organizing, prioritizing and scheduling impend projects using Gantt charts.These types of resources are abundant within any organization all that is needed is to identify what engaging of skill each particular staff member brings to the organization. The last major weakness is the lack of management involvement in the course of a project. This i s made evident when Warren handed Nick the task of creating an implementation report for online gaming. Nick was left to figure it step to the fore on his own. Management should be gnarled in the planning and implementation of any project. For instance, CanGo could implement procedures like research deadlines, preliminary draft sign off requirements and senior staff team eetings to dispute the progress of the project. This will eliminate the chance for poor and costly errors. CanGo has the opportunity to take these weaknesses into consideration and make some changes that will improve the organization as a whole. This kind of improvement will prepare it to achieve external opportunities and deal with external threats as well. Opportunities CanGo not only when has strengths and weaknesses but also opportunities. These potential opportunities are for company growth, amplificationd capital, new market ventures, and expansion into other areas of e-commerce.There is a great opportuni ty for company growth both in regards to increase workforce and possible mergers with other startup Internet companies. As CanGo reaches higher sales volume it will be necessary to incorporate an alter storage and retrieval system. With the impending five-hundred portion increase in sales this coming holiday season CanGo needs to make certain that their order fulfilment and processing center is equipped to handle this possible increase. Every company is looking for a way to increase its capital.CanGo has been preparing to go public which will increase its capital base. This kind of opportunity can also become a weakness due to the fickleness of the stock market. However, if CanGo can successfully handle its five-hundred percent sales increase during the holiday season, this opportunity can prove to be a very lucrative venture. CanGos greatest opportunity is to branch out into new markets. E-commerce is a very broad market that has plenty of opportunities for organizations such as CanGo. The CanGo team may decide to expand and include other items to their leaning of inventory.Elizabeth Bennets dream was to help consumers shop and find what they need easier and at a lower price. If she sticks to this philosophy she may take CanGo in the mission of Amazon. com or Overstock. com. The sky is the limit for these kinds of opportunities. New market ventures may be a great lucrative opportunity but it may also bring with it threats. Threats The CanGo organization faces a couple of threats like the possibility of failure, loss of capital, and takeovers. Failure is majestic for any organization but it is especially eminent for CanGo.The lack of a vision, mission statement and a strategic plan can lead to failure. Vision and mission statements are important for any organization because they not only provide a clear view of what the organizations goals and intentions are but they also help give the staff a standard that should be met and maintained. Implementing a str ategic plan is a vital part of any successful business and has been proved to help carry a business through tough economic climates. Loss of capital is also a viable threat. This may be caused by lawsuits, manufacturer or vendor bankruptcies and low sales. keeping capital secure is sometimes a bit difficult to do. This may be accomplished by purchasing liability insurance and using a variety of manufacturers and vendors. Low sales are often directly linked to the economic forecast. This is sometimes hard to prepare for and should be observed by the accountancy and finance department to ensure that the inventory purchased match the possible sales and future market forecast. Takeovers of successful companies are also threats that need to be watched for. CanGos success as a small Internet e-commerce company may make it a very enticing company to purchase.Competitors like Amazon. com and Overstock. com may rule that CanGos success is a force that needs to be control before it becomes an e-commerce giant that may affect their sales margins. The easiest way to obtain this company would be by force which is why takeovers are a legitimate threat to CanGo. Recommendations CanGos greatest asset and strength is CEO, Bennets vision and passion for this company. Elizabeth Bennet is the only one who has a clear picture of what the company is about, what its intent in the market is and how to achieve it.There needs to be a vision statement and a mission statement prepared to let the entire company in on Elizabeths vision. Once these statements are in place and all of the CanGo staff has had a chance to look them over and jump on board, the executive team should convene to prepare a strategic plan based on both the vision and mission statements previously prepared. This strategic plan should include specific goals for the company to attain within the next five to ten years. This is the most important recommendation that can be offered at this particular time.There is anothe r not so eminent recommendation that is being offered at this time. This is in regards to the utilization of staff resources. CanGo has a diverse quality of people with different academic backgrounds and skill sets. Utilizing these specific traits can enrich the company as a whole. As mentioned earlier utilizing Debbie Hayness teaching credentials and organizational skills to train the staff on the importance of Gantt Charts and prioritizing tasks for impending projects may help save time, otherwise spent on trying to figure out where to begin and what needs to be accomplished first.This would help the staff members reach deadlines and complete projects without the added stress of disorganization. These recommendations are meant to promote company growth and development. These two elements are necessary for a successful company to remain a success in their particular market. References Archives Why a Strategic Plan is Important? (2006) Online Business Advisor. Retrieved September 9, 2009, form http//www. onlinebusadv. com/? PAGE=171 Business imaginativeness Software Mission Statement. (n. d. ) Center for Business Planning.Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http//www. businessplans. org/mission. html CanGo Intranet Company Information. (n. d. ) Mastering Business. Retrieved September 4, 2009, from http//myphlip2. pearsoncmg. com/masteringbusiness/cango/companyinfo. html explanation SWOT Analysis. (n. d. ) Answers. com. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http//www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis Definition Vision Statement. (n. d. ) About. com. Retrieved September 9, 2009, from http//sbinfocanada. about. com/od/businessplanning/g/visionstatement. htm

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Greco-Roman and Operant Conditioning Classical learn is a basic work out of exacting in which one excitant comes to serve as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. During classical conditioning, organisms acquire information roughly the relations between various stimuli, not simple associations between them. (Psychology, pg. 170). In classical condition a stimulus, or a physical event undefendable of affecting demeanour, that initially doesnt elicit a event response can obtain the capacity to elicit that response as a declaration of repeated pairing with a stimulus that can elicit a response.Classical conditioning became part of a c atomic number 18ful study in the early ordinal century, when the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov identified it as an important behavioral process. Pavlov started out his research focusing on the process of digestion in pass overs. Along his research he notice that the dogs from his studies often began to salivate when they saw or smelled food but before they even tasted it. Some of the dogs even salivated at sight of the pan where the food was kept, or at the sight of the person who usually brings the food. Pavlov said that the stimuli had somehow became signals for the food itself.The dogs had learned that when the signals were present, food would soon follow. Pavlov quickly recognized the potential importance of his contemplation and started shifting his research. His experiment started out with a neutral stimulus, or a stimulus that has no previous effect of salivation such as the campana. He rang the buzzer then immediately followed it by a second stimulus know to produce salivation, such as a dried meat pulverization that was move directly in the dogs mouth. The meat powder is considered to be the eternal stimulus or UCS, because the ability to salivate was automatic and not learned.On the flipside the salivation of the dog to the meat powder is the unconditioned response or UCR. The doorbell now is termed the conditioned stimulus or CS because the ability for it to elicit saliva from the dog is dependent on being paired with the meat powder. Salvation in response to just the bell is called the conditioned response or CR. He found that if you ring the bell then give the god the meat powder soon or later the dog will start to salivate just to the ring of the bell without the meat powder even present.Extinction is the process in which you lose the ability to evoke conditioned response when it no longer is followed by a unconditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlovs dogs, extinction could occur if Pavlov kept ringing the bell and not following it up with the meat powder. This means the dog no longer salivates in response to the bell. If Pavlov keeps ringing the bell somemagazines the dog might remember about the meat powder and salivate even though no meat powder is present. This is called reconditioning.This means the rapid recovery of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditi oned stimulus (CS)- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairing. permits say Pavlov stops working with the dogs for several weeks because he is working on other research, then suddenly goes back to the dogs and rings the bell, the dogs should in surmise then salivate due to a process called spontaneous recovery. This is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) later an interval of sequence following extinction.If Pavlov was cooking some thing and the timer goes off making a ringing sound, the dogs most likely would salivate because of a process called stimulus generalization, or the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke conditioned responses (CR). Through the process of stimulus discrimination, or the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others, the dogs will salivate to the ring of a bell but if the door bell rand they would not salivate because they sort out and can tell the difference between the bell and the door bell.Psychology. about. com says that classical conditioning is used in everyday life by many dog trainers helping to train peoples pets. Some techniques are also helpful in the treatment of many phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers can keep classical conditioning in the classroom by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear oddly with classroom speeches. It helps to get the student relaxed instead of anxious. Operant conditioning is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes.In operant conditioning it is disjointed down into bread and butters and punishments. In the reinforcement part there are two reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses, and a negative reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape from their presence. An example of a positive reinforcement is when I brought theme my report card in 6th grade and there were all As my mom and dad gave me 5 dollars for every A.The place behavior for that example would be the getting As and the positive reinforcement would be my parents giving me 5 dollars an A. An example of a negative reinforcement would be on a cold and dark morning your all snug and warm under your covers, and suddenly your alarm clack goes off across the room. getting out of the warm bed is the last thing you want to do but the noise is intolerable. The target behavior is turning off the alarm, and the negative reinforcement is getting out of the warm bed in order to turn off the annoying alarm clock.The punishment section of operant conditioning is broken in half just about the same way. There is negative and positive punishment. In negative punishment, the rate if a behavior is weakened or decreased because the behavior is linked to the loss of potential reinforcements. An example of a n egative punishment is in a kindergarten class a young male child lashes out and hits the teacher in the stomach with a pencil as he throws it. The teacher sentences him to 10 minutes in the time out corner. The target behavior is the lashing out and throwing the pencil.The negative punishment is the 10 minutes of isolation in the corner. In positive punishment, stimuli weaken responses that precede them. For example you are driving home from work at an excessive speed, About 25 mile per hour over the speed limit. As you go over the circumstantial hill you see a state trooper parked on the side of the highway with his radar gun pointed right at you. The next thing you know is the flashing lights are right behind you and pulling you over. You get a pretty hefty ticket for your speeding. After you pay your fine you forever obey the speed limit signs.The target behavior in this example is the speeding and the positive punishment is the speeding ticket you receive for speeding. B. F. Skinner is cognise as the father of operant conditioning. He invented a box called the Skinner box where a rat is trapped inside with a lever. Every time the rat presses the lever it receives a food shaft. do might exact to be used in order to get the rat to press the lever. Shaping is a technique in which closer and closer approximations to desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement.Basically this means Skinner might have had to shock the rats feet when the rat started going the wrong way. That way it will remember to not go that way. When it finally presses the lever the food pellet drops and it works as a positive reinforcement because if the rat got a food pellet from pressing the lever maybe he will do in again and remember that whenever you press the lever you get rewarded with a food pellet. There are many different schedules of reinforcement you can follow. A schedule of reinforcement is rules determining when and how reinforcements will be delivered.A continuous reinforcement schedule is a schedule in which every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced. A set interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific interval of time must fade before a response will yield reinforcement. There is also variable-interval schedule which is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been emitted.Variable-ratio schedules are delivered after a variable number of responses have been performed. The last is a concurrent schedule of reinforcement. It is situations in which two or more behaviors each have its own reinforcement schedule and are simultaneously available. Works Cited * Baron, Robert A. Psychology (With Mind Matters CD-ROM). Danbury Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated, 2000. * Classical Conditioning Introduction to Classical Conditioning. Psychology Student Resources Ps ychology Articles. 06 Jan. 2009 . * Plotnik, Rod, Haig Kouyoumdjian, Dennis Coon, and John O. Mitterer. Introduction to Psychology 1505. Cincinnati State Technical & Community College. Mason, Ohio Cengage Learning, 2008. * Skinner, Burrhus F. About Behaviorism. unfermented York Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , 1974. * Staddon, John. The New Behaviorism Mind, Mechanism and Society. New York Psychology P, 2000. * Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. Psychology. New York Addison-Wesley Longman, Limited, 1996. * Watson, John B. Behaviorism. New York The Peoples Institute Company, Inc. , 1924.

Poetry Analysis Between Taylor Swift and William Blake

What connections did you find between songs studied this year and what links can you make between the world of your poets and your world? Love and the partition of shaft or relationships is a theme explored in many poems. The claims Long Live by Taylor fleet and the poems The Sick Rose and The Garden of Love by William Blake all question and explore the theme of love. The tenor, Long Live, by Taylor active, was written in 2010. At first listening to the song, we hear a fun, buoyant song about love, friendship and button.However, careful analysis reveals a complex piece of poetry that relies on its sanitary imagery and upbeat tune to convey strong meaning to the audience. Essentially, the song is about love or friendship and the loss of it. These themes are made known to the listener throughout the whole song. However, even g-forcegh Swift is talking about the loss of love or friendship she does not sing about it in a sad, grim sort of way. She sings about it in a reminisc ing way, saying that I had the time of my life with you and she sings about all the idiosyncrasies she enjoyed throughout the relationship, rather than looking at the regret of lost love.Swift uses round(prenominal) poetic techniques to convey the message of the song to the listeners. She powerfully uses techniques such as repetition and rhyme. Repetition is used throughout the song. Long live The walls we crashed through totally the kingdom lights shined Just for me and you. The word remember is also repeated throughout the song. This word is significant as it shows the audience that although the song sounds happy and is upbeat, Swift is very reminiscing about memories and the feeling of love which have now passed and are now gone. Rhyme is used to create rhythm throughout the song. The rhyming throughout the song is consistent.In the second and third stanza Swift uses a rhyme scheme of ABCB We were the kings and the queens And they read off our names The night you danced like you knew Our lives would neer be the said(prenominal) With other parts of the song such as in I said, Remember this moment In the back of my mind The time we stood with our shaking transfer The crowds in stands went wild Sight rhyme is used frequently used by Swift. The use of the words mind and wild in the second stanza high spot this technique. Like Taylor Swifts song Long Live, William Blakes poem The Sick Rose is also about the breakdown of love and about how love has fled.The Sick Rose is from a collection of his poems known as Poems of Experience that were published in 1794. Blake tells the story of a rose and how a worm came and slowly destroyed it. The rose and the worm in this poem are both(prenominal) used as metaphors to convey the actual meaning of the poem to the reader. The rose is a metaphor for love where the worm is a metaphor for something such as jealousy or infidelity that destroyed the relationship. The rose and the worm are both used as strong, contrastin g images. We associate the picture of a rose with love and beauty where a worm is seen as disgusting and as some sort of infestation.These two powerful images are keys to the vitality of Blakes message. Blake also uses a strict rhyme scheme of ABCB throughout the poem O Rose, thou art sick The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, The Garden of Love, also written by William Blake and contained in his collection, Poems of Experience, is also a poem about loss. Like both Long Live and The sick Rose, The Garden of Love talks about the loss of something beautiful, in this case it is the loss of a garden he used to play in called The Garden of Love. Blake tells the story of how he has gone back to The Garden of Love but everything had changed.Instead of the putting surface grass he used to play on stood a chapel and where flowers should have been growing were alternatively tombstones. Blake also uses strong contrasting images in this poem with the flowers and tom bstones. Flowers are seen as beautiful and happy where gravestones are seen as the exact opposite, ugly and grim. These two powerful images are important to get across Blakes message to the audience of losing something so beautiful. The Garden of Love also follows a strict rhyme scheme of ABCB I went to the Garden of Love, And saw what I never had seen A Chapel was built in the midst,Where I used to play on the green The last stanza however, does not follow this rhyme scheme. Instead Blake uses inseparable rhyme in the last line with the words briers and desires And binding with briers my joys and desires The three pieces of poetry are all affiliated through their meaning of the loss of something. dissimilar Blake, Swift sings about the loss of love in as experiential. Instead of looking at the breakdown of the relationship in a depressed manner, she instead sings about it in a cheerful way about the positive things that happened throughout the relationship.Swift and Blake both u se the technique of sight rhyme in their poems. Swift uses it with the words mind and wild and Blake with storm and worm in The Sick Rose and love and bore in The Garden of Love. Even though Taylor Swift and William Blake lived centuries apart, they both talked about loss in similar ways. Both poets use strong rhythms and images to convey the message of the poems. Above all else, the three poems are connected through their meaning of loss which is a part of life everyone experiences. Word Count 987

Decision making on workplace Essay

In my workplace I look after a gentleman who likes to go to the shops on his own. He is deemed too have mental capacity to pull back this decision. On making this decision it was discussed with him what certain protocols we requisite to put in place to support him and to make this happen safely. This man is very much involved in his care plan and he has read, and reviews his care plan when changes are needed. Firstly it was explained to this man that we needed to put a risk assessment in place which says if anything was to happen to him when he was out and about that he took full responsibility of what might happen, for theoretical account if this man was to f both when out by himself that the workplace would take no responsibility for this, this man was very happy with this statement and was willing to sign and retard to this risk assessment.The family were also made aware of this decision and were happy for this to be put in place. Family suggested that maybe before he goes out that he was to ordain a member of staff where and when he was going, just so that someone is aware. All parties agreed to this. Letting this man go out to the shops by himself unfeignedly helps with his self-esteem because it makes him feel important, respected and makes him feel like he is as independent as possible and that he doesnt have to ask all the time about what he wants to do.Also if any changes have been made to his care plan for whatever reason he is always consulted first and asked if he is happy with the decisions that are being made. If he isnt happy for whatever reason he is more than capable to speak up and say what he would like or prefer. On the other hand if this man didnt have the mental capacity to make any of these decision or had no family to make decisions on behalf of him and advocate would be brought in and they would be able to make best interest decisions on behalf of him.

4 Marks of the Church

A reaction paper on the quadruplet marks of the church There be a lot of different existing church buildinges idolizationing the same God, who are trying to follow the way that Christ lived. But for the lot to make do the Roman Catholic church building from all the separate Churches there are these four marks of the Roman Catholic Church that was minded(p) so that the obvious characters of the Church would be evident to the people.These characteristics are, the Church is One, the Church is Catholic, the Church is Holy and the last 1 is the Church being Apostolic. As we progress done this paper, to each angiotensin-converting enzyme of these four would be discussed based on how I have understood active this topic which was discussed in our class. Some additional information based on my further research regarding the topic may also be injected to further enhance my reaction regarding the topic.The first mark that distinguishes the Roman Catholic Church from other Churche s is the Church being genius. The Church being one pertains to being a unified community. The Church being one means that the Roman Catholic Church is one body of Christ that functions as a unit, which means, that if one does not do its function, all the other people of the Church would fail to function the right way because they all belong to a single body. It also means that the Church believes in one God, and that there is one Lord, one faith and one baptism.Though people belonging to the Roman Catholic Church belongs to different nations, are of different vocations, have different talents and follows different cultures, the diversity found in this church does not prevent the people to act as one community where there is harmonious unity. This oneness is also visible in the Churchs credo and other teachings, and so as in the celebration of the sacraments. Basically the Roman Catholic Church is considered one because of three reasons, namely, its source, its founder, and becaus e of its soul.The Church is said to be one because of its source which is the Holy Trinity, which is a perfect unity of three divine persons, Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. The next reason is because of its founder, who is no other than Jesus Christ, who self-possessed and united the people through salvation from sin. And the third reason is because of its soul, which is the Holy Spirit, who resides in the souls of the faithful and unites them in communion. The Church being Catholic is the next characteristic that was given to the Roman Catholic Church.The term Catholic which means Universal could actually explain this trait by the battle cry itself. It simply says that being one body of Christ is nit limited by race, culture, and not even by time. It means that anybody could become a part of the Church at any given time. This also states that the Church here on earth is also one with the Church in heaven and also the Church in purgatory. This is where the understanding about th e communion of saints came from.It shows the union of the faithful here on earth to the union to the faithful in purgatory and those who are faithful in heaven, thus, making the Roman Catholic Church, universal. The third mark, which is the Church is Holy signifies the Church being special. The word holy means set apart which sole(prenominal) shows that the Church has a special drive by and for God. The Church is also marked as holy because people are freed from original sin through baptism. The church is also marked by outstanding holiness shown in the lives of saints.Since the members of the church are human beings, it is only normal that they would sin due to their human nature, which is the opposite of being holy. But, people who are faithful who sin would repent whenever they sin which is the path through holiness. The Church is also holy because of its source who is the Lord who is holy. Through the Churchs teachings, worship and prayer, and good works, the Church is a visib le sign of Holiness. The last mar is the fourth mark of the Roman Catholic Church which is the Church is Apostolic.From its root word apostle we could derive that the Church was entrusted by its founder (Jesus Christ) to the apostles who served as the first bishops and entrusted special laterality to St. Peter, who is the first pope and bishop of Rome. Through the apostles, the Church continued on and this authority over the church was handed down to each generation through what we call the apostolic succession. There are no bishop, priest, or deacon in the Church that was self ordained.Each one of them was called by the Church and ordained into what we call apostolic ministry which is given to us by the Lord to be exercised by the Church in one with the Pope. The reverend Tradition and Sacred Scripture of the Church was also passed down and preserved by apostles under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. These four marks, namely, the Church is one, holy, catholic and apostolic are in dicators that the Church is the Roman Catholic Church. Other churches may also reflect some of these marks but it is only the Roman Catholic Church who bountifuly professes these marks.Though the four marks are different, they are all interconnected to one another. The Church is catholic because it is universal, that is the reason why it is also one. The church acts as a community that is why it acts in unison, but, its actions are all based on holiness because the Church being one shows that it is the one body of Christ which follows one head who is also the founder of the Church who is Christ. The people of the Church know the responsibilities that Christ left them because of the Sacred Scriptures and Sacred Traditions which was passed down by the apostles.To lead the people, Christ also entrusted the authority to His apostles and entrusted St. Peter special authority over the Church. This said authority is followed and passed down to the future generations through what we call a postolic succession. This said example is only one of the many ways on how these four marks are interrelated to each other. And the full work and manifestation of these marks as a mission sets the Roman Catholic Church apart and identifies them from the other Churches.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Giant Lorenz Bernie fanaticism of saint Teresa I chose hug drug of perfection Teresa by Bernie because it is an impressive multi-media inst every last(predicate)ation that helps me understand the hot experience of Saint Threshers visions. Four black marble columns frame the scene of Saint Theresa be adrift as if on a cloud as a playful saint is about to plunge an arrow repeatedly into her. Her face portrays a touching of intense pain and pleasure as she accepts the glory and tripping of her lord. Heavenly wanton is shining down on them. Through the use of natural light shining down from an unseen mystical source.Brass reflective rods are lined up in a row opening up towards the couple kick upstairs signifying the beauty and grace of the light. From both sides of the main characters a viewer then notices a seated audience relief carved out of marble. The audience seems to be captivated by the untraditional portrayal of god like visions. The marble is so beautifully carved to render flesh and the texture of clothing. devotion of Saint Teresa is equally frightening and stunning reflecting the religion it represents. This piece is a perfect utilization of Baroque sculpture. A common characteristic ofBaroque fine art is including the audience into the work. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa does this by way of the theater windows. The relief of witnesses within these windows gives the sense that all of this is happening on a stage, and the audience is thus placed in orchestral seats in front of the stage. This includes the viewers into the work and justifies the drama portray theatrically in front of us. The scene portrayed here is an intense one. Seeing the look on Saint Teeters face shows fear, pain, and pleasure. This is Juxtaposed with the look of cool off playfulness on the angels face as he threatens her with the arrow.Natural light bathes both the figures in a holy light that implies a sense of realism to the creation of God. The emotional impression th e piece implies is very characteristic of Baroque art. hotshot squirt imagine the pious traveling great distances to be brought down on their knees by Berings instillation. Bernie was a master in working with marble. The articulate depiction of different weights of cloth is impressive. Saint Teresa is dressed in a heavy fabric that weighs her down in the earthly sense. The angel is lifted into the heavens by his silky clothing that moves easily in the breeze.He shows off more of his craftsmanship by way of the balcony windows. There is an illusion of continued space beyond what we can see. Bernie also includes a stylized classical pediment. This pediment is cleverly utilized to hide a window that lets in the natural light that is focused on the centerpiece. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa was created using Marble, gilded brass, natural light, and architectural elements to create a solely composition. This makes Berings epic depiction the first multimedia installation that predates the popularization of the art form by 3 centuries.Gian Lorenzo BerniniGiant Lorenz Bernie Ecstasy of Saint Teresa I chose Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Bernie because it is an impressive multi-media installation that helps me understand the intense experience of Saint Threshers visions. Four black marble columns frame the scene of Saint Theresa floating as if on a cloud as a playful angel is about to plunge an arrow repeatedly into her. Her face portrays a feeling of intense pain and pleasure as she accepts the glory and light of her lord. Heavenly light is shining down on them. Through the use of natural light shining down from an unseen mystical source.Brass reflective rods are lined up in a row opening up towards the couple further signifying the beauty and grace of the light. From both sides of the main characters a viewer then notices a seated audience relief carved out of marble. The audience seems to be captivated by the untraditional portrayal of god like visions. The marble is so beautifully carved to render flesh and the texture of clothing. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa is equally frightening and stunning reflecting the religion it represents. This piece is a perfect example of Baroque sculpture. A common characteristic ofBaroque art is including the audience into the work. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa does this by way of the theater windows. The relief of witnesses within these windows gives the sense that all of this is happening on a stage, and the audience is thus placed in orchestral seats in front of the stage. This includes the viewers into the work and justifies the drama portrayed theatrically in front of us. The scene portrayed here is an intense one. Seeing the look on Saint Teeters face shows fear, pain, and pleasure. This is Juxtaposed with the look of calm playfulness on the angels face as he threatens her with the arrow.Natural light bathes both the figures in a holy light that implies a sense of realism to the existence of God. The emotional impressio n the piece implies is very characteristic of Baroque art. One can imagine the pious traveling great distances to be brought down on their knees by Berings instillation. Bernie was a master in working with marble. The articulate depiction of different weights of cloth is impressive. Saint Teresa is dressed in a heavy textile that weighs her down in the earthly sense. The angel is lifted into the heavens by his silky clothing that moves easily in the breeze.He shows off more of his craftsmanship by way of the balcony windows. There is an illusion of continued space beyond what we can see. Bernie also includes a stylized classical pediment. This pediment is cleverly utilized to hide a window that lets in the natural light that is focused on the centerpiece. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa was created using Marble, gilded brass, natural light, and architectural elements to create a whole composition. This makes Berings epic depiction the first multimedia installation that predates the populari zation of the art form by 3 centuries.

Cis 500 Case Study 1

Case Study 1 The Big Data Ch tout ensembleenges Richard Lall Dr. Kim Anthony CIS500010VA016-1128-001 Info Syst Decision-Making October 28, 2012 Judge how Volvo Car Corporation integrated the cloud infrastructure into its networks. Volvo dismantle from Ford in in 2010. In doing so they needed to create their own standalone IT environment and at the same time improve its business intelligence capabilities and operational efficiency (Microsoft, 2012).In a world where many consumers value smart technology in coexistence with automotive engineering, Volvo has created vehicles with hundreds of sensors and CPUs embedded throughout the automobile (I-CIO, 2011). Besides vehicle entropy gathered by sensors in and on the vehicle, we also collect visual information from four cameras. This gives us a pricey view of what happened in the cab and on the road at any given point in time (Volvo Group, 2011).From the central locking system to the on board cameras, entropy is being captured for us e within the vehicle and then transmitted via the cloud back to Volvo (I-CIO, 2011). Once data is received at Volvo it is streamed to a centralized analysis hub (the Volvo Data Warehouse), alongside data from customer relationship management systems (CRM), dealership systems, and product development and protrude systems (I-CIO, 2011). Once data is retrieved at the Volvo Data Warehouse it is archived where it atomic number 50 be retrieved and analyze or manipulated by Volvo employees.Through the cloud Volvo is massing large amount of rich data and this is providing them with the opportunity to tear that resource into something that no only helps build better cars, but also helps the customer have a better experience through their interaction and above all safety (I-CIO, 2011). Explain how Volvo Car Corporation transforms data into knowledge. Utilizing the Volvo data Warehouse to splice data together Volvo is able to perform analysis on various vehicle aspects. Having this abundanc e of data quicker allows Volvo to be pre-warned about potential issues pertaining to mechanical problems (I-CIO, 2011).Becoming educated on vehicle issues early in the cars lifecycle allows Volvo to grapple flaws in vehicle parts allowing them modify the manufacturing process to correct the issue (I-CIO, 2011). By applying well-honed lean processes, Volvo is able limit the number of part defects that reach the consumer (I-CIO, 2011). or else of 500,000 units being impacted the issue can be stopped at the first 1000, leaving a majority of customer experience positive and tick name intact (I-CIO, 2011). Another area where large-scale data capture and analysis is driving improvements is in safety (I-CIO, 2011).At the safety center in in Sweden the company is performing detailed forensic examinations on Volvos that have been in various accidents (I-CIO, 2011). Using these examinations, Volvo can detect and analyze the clock of airbags, timing of braking system and weather conditions. Post analysis results allow Volvo to create software and system updates that can be loaded onto consumer vehicles ensuring that vehicles will perform better in accidents (I-CIO, 2011). Identify the real-time information systems implemented and evaluate the impact of these murders.Post the Ford break-up in 2010, Volvo had a unique opportunity to implement a new standalone IT infrastructure. Pre instruction execution Volvo sought to improve data management. The company relied on IT personnel to design and generate data reports, which was slow and in-efficient (Microsoft, 2012). Also, there was no central location for storing reports, so information often is distributed by sending a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or other attachment in an email message. This means distribution is limited, and the information can be hard to find (Microsoft, 2012).To address the various issues of quality and efficiency Volvo deployed a solution based on Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Business Intelligence dat a management software and related BI technologies, including Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010 and Microsoft Office 2010. One of the big reasons for choosing Microsoft is that Microsoft products are designed to work well together (Microsoft, 2012). The impact of this implementation led to reduce costs and enhanced collaboration across various Volvo business units and departments. Argue how the Big Data strategy gives Volvo Car Corporation a competitive advantage.Being able to see into future is still impossible but using the knowledge we gain to today to make better decisions so tomorrow is better is exactly the advantage that Volvo has attained. Their Big Data strategy has allowed them analyze a variety of aspects of vehicle and consumer coexistence. From specific parts to safety Volvo is now charge to create better overall vehicles not just initially but throughout the life of the vehicle. Big Data gives Volvo a heightened sense of collaboration from design to manufacturing to the dealership, thus giving them an edge over their competition. Works Cited I-CIO. 2011, January). Converting data into business value at volvo. Retrieved from http//www. i-cio. com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/8833/i-cio_Case_Study_Volvo. pdf Microsoft. (2012). Bi solution boosts operational efficiency and reduces costs at volvo car corporation . Retrieved from http//www. microsoft. com/casestudies/Case_Study_Detail. aspx? CaseStudyID=710000000271 Volvo Group. (2011). Collecting driving data to improve safety. Retrieved from http//www. volvogroup. com/group/global/en-gb/researchandtechnology/transport_society/enhancing_safety/collecting_data_for_safety/Pages/collecting_data_for_safety. aspx

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology †Summary Essay

How does Language affect the meanings we assign to our experience? The Ideas of Edward Sapir and gum benzoin Lee Whorf demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct learning to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may support certain ship kindleal of looking at the world. The selection of metaphors also has an impact on the meanings we assign to experience. By taking language from hotshot experience and applying it to a nonher, we carry the meaning of one experience to the other.Robbins then explores the ways in which symbolical action reinforces a particular proposition learn of the world. Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain candidate of reality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality. Examples include the Cannibal dance of the Kwakwakawakw, which shows the values of Kwakwakawakw friendship and provides members with a way to control their lives, and the rituals of contemporary English magic and witchcraft, which convince persons of this society that mental forces can influence the material world.Walter gum benzoins Surrealism essay explains how these competing governmental aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form Here due weight must be disposed(p) to the cortical potentiality that in the Traite du style, Aragons last book, required a distinction between metaphor and assure, a prosperous insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension nowhere do these two metaphor and image clash so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics.For to organize pessimism means nothing other than to drop off moral metaphor from politics and to discover in political action a sphere dumb one hundred percent for images. Only when in technology body and image so sink in that all basal tension becomes bodily collective innervation, and all the bodily innervations of the collective become revolutionary discharge, has reality transcended itself to the extent demanded by the Communist Manifesto. For the moment, simply the Surrealists flummox understood its founder commands.They exchange, to a man, the touch of piece features for the face of an alarm clock that in each minute rings for sixty seconds. asa dulciss analysis here provides the scattered fragments of a political-aesthetic diagnosis of surrealism which would differentiate this movement from conservative wild-eyed traditions. While such traditions trade in moral metaphor and the play of human features idealized human forms which atomic number 18 meant to serve as soothing allegories of the supposedly homogenous and unified accessible body surrealists advance what Benjamin elsewhere terms dialectical images. In his writes regarding the Cultural Industry, Adorno continues to emphasis the theories of the Frankfurt check and the concepts of Marx. The terms mass deception and social control seem to intimately accurately describe the ideas and theories that Adorno prescribe. He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to call back rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when unified to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could change surface exist.According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the hazard for any social change is limited, is it not? The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that enjoyment will ultimately be rewarded. 2. restate what you consider to be the relationship between the assigned readings. How do the readings speak to each other? in all three authors I believe have a relationship with expressing metaphors in their texts.A thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, especially something abstract. Throughout each reading society, cultural, language, politics, thinking, and social change is present in all three readings and in all three these words are represented with symbolic meaning and/or have a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action. Through these metaphors I believe is the way that these texts speak to one another. Each text you can sense similar symbolic meaning and a word or phrase that is attached to an object or action. . Identify one or more releases that you feel are especially provocative, suggestive, dubious or illustrative of the authors argument. In the Richard Robbins text one theodolite especially was provocative to the authors argument in symbolic action reinforces a particular view of the world and the reality we as human beings live in. Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain view of reality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality.In the Walter Benjamin Text one passage especial ly was provocative to the authors argument in explaining how competing political aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form. Here due weight must be given to the insight that in the Traite du style, Aragons last book, required a distinction between metaphor and image, a happy insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension nowhere do these two metaphor and image collide so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics. In the Theodor Adorno text one passage especially was provocative to the authors argument in the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that pleas ure will ultimately be rewarded.Thus, must not culture and society be forced to change, as it was also interpreted that pleasure without change becomes a sort of work, and then our understanding/defining of pleasure must be ever changing in order for the mass society to maintain social obedience. 4. Briefly equate the texts you have read or some aspect of it/them, with a previous selection or selections read in this course. I reread A Berlin biography in Reflections and then read the full-length of Berlin Childhood almost 1900.I thought about how he had not been able to return, and how he had written Berlin Childhood approximately 1900 precisely as a way of dealing with the irrevocable loss of the world of his childhood and its security. Benjamin knew by 1932 that he would never be able to return to Berlin his home again. Benjamin immortalized the cities that had rejected him, writing about his memories of earlier and safer times. Benjamin is recalling a lost world. He selec ts a variety of places and spaces that contain or prompt memories of his childhood and the high bourgeois world that nourished his fantasies and predilections.By 1932 this world was gone, or at least inaccessible to Benjamin and other Jews like him. discipline this text I can compare it to Richard Robbins chapter 4 material when he writes demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct perception to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may encourage certain ways of looking at the world. translation this helped me understand A Berlin Chronicle and how Walter Benjamins language and vocabulary were in direct contribute of the environment he was living in and how that encouraged his view on Berlin.Also, Comparing A Berlin Chronicle to Theodor Adornos The Culture Industry I found a passage that directly bring ups to Walter Benjamin and his time in Berlin. He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reas onably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist.According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the opportunity for any social change is limited. After reading this passage you can relate this to the larger cultural as the Nazis as they were the ones disallowing the potential for human individuality against the Jews, while reemphasizing the myth that such Jewish individuality could even exist. 5. Offer a brief critical assessment of the texts and its ideas Do you find that it blunts up new avenues of inquiry or reveals new knowledge?What question does it raise for you? How would you evaluate them general? -Out of the three texts I found an interesting passage out of Walter Benjamins Surrealism text that opens up new avenues of inquiry and reveals new knowledge for the reader. There is always, in such movements, a moment when the real tension of the secret society must either explode in a matter of fact, blue(a) struggle for power and domination, or decay as a public demonstration and be transformed. Reading this passage and the authors use of the word illumination throughout the essay, the reader could easily open a new avenue on a secret society named the Illuminati. The author even stats And the most passionate investigation of the hashish trance will not teach us half as much about thinking, as the profane illumination of thinking about the hashish trance. The reader, the thinker, the loiterer, the flaneur, are types of illuminati but as much as the opium eater, the dreamer, and the ecstatic. And more profane. Not to mention that most terrible drug ourselves- which we take for in solitude. With so many references or should I say hidden references I can only ask if Walter Benjamin is referring to this secret society the I lluminati. Overall all three texts had their strong points but from twenty-four hour period one when I began Walter Benjamins readings he has captured me in ways other authors havent. It could be that he writes essays while intoxicated or how it seems there is always secret meaning in his writings. If not secret then definitely meaning that could be explored even further and spend a whole class just decoding this topic.

Is our Generation More Stressed than the Previous Ones?

Nowadays, stress is becoming a common problem. Our younger generation thinks that modern animateness is generally some(prenominal) more stressful than in the past. However, others say that the amount of stress batch run across today is overstated as older generations coped with more pressure, but they never thought about such(prenominal) a phenomenon as stress. This contradiction makes many people compare the negative aspects of stress to club today and in the past.On the one hand, the previous generations experienced great stress because of poor living conditions, victuals shortage and numerous wars, which were taking away millions of peoples lives. Moreover, they did not cod such utile technologies, which make the life of a modern person easier. Besides, without an advanced medical system many people died of simple illnesses and diseases because there were no necessary medicines and vaccines. That is why life expectancy in the past was much lower than it is now.On the oth er hand, because of the increasing pace of life nowadays people are always in a chronic rush, which causes various mental and physical health problems, such as backache, depression, fatigue, headaches, risque descent pressure, and insomnia. What is more, almost everybody in our modern society is trying to achieve high standard of living, therefore, people bring forth to spend long hour at work. As a result, they feel overworked and burn out, and hardly have time to relax and escape from everyday routine, which leads them to losing their balance between work and personal life.Furthermore, there is no doubt that several decades ago, the environment was much better than today with fresh water, air and food, whereas today we feeling air, water and noise pollution, which of course contribute to the symptoms of stress. In addition, nowadays, the majority of people lives in big and overcrowded cities and suffer from such common city problems as standstill traffic congestions, unemploym ent, high crime rate and high cost of living.The unemployment rate is constantly increasing hence, the number of job-seeker is growing, which leads to the increasing competitiveness in job opportunities. In my opinion, each generation suffers from stress the difference is in the attitude to it. To my mind, today time is more flavorless than ever and because of the speedy pace of life and everyday overload, people feel exhausted as piece beings are not designed for a prolonged, high-speed activity.However, we have to admit that in a indisputable sense our ancestors had their own reasons of stress, which should not be underestimated. To sum up, stress has been felt by all generations in their lives. It is really hard to compare either modern generation, or the previous one is under more stress that the other one, because each generation has its own problems. People would better concentrate on step-down the number of stress and try to make future living conditions more favorable.

Horniman Horticulture Essay

Executive SummaryHorniman Horticulture is a wholesale nursery located near Lynchburg, VA. Its owned by Bob and Maggie Brown. From 2002-2005, the nurserys operations grew by more then 40%. Revenue process has exceeded the industry benchmark. The nursery now consists of 52 greenhouses, 40 acres of land, and 12 full-time workers as tumefy as 15 seasonal workers.ProblemWhile experiencing booming demand and improving margins, the Browns are deep in thought(p) by their plummeting cash balance.AnalysisHornimans current assets are growing over time, but in a less liquid fashion, less from cash and more from receivables and inventory. Horniman is not receiving money as quickly as they would hope, which is shown by the 9-day increase in receivable days since 2002 (exhibit 2 p.141). This figure is also well to a higher place its benchmark. The Inventory days increased every year as well and was well above the benchmark of 386.3. Payable days decreased much more than was expected, to 9.9 i n 2005 when the benchmark was 27.What most in all likelihood happened is that as Horniman grew, it began selling inventories with higher margins and better financing options were being offered to its customers. Favorable terms are enthralling to new clients but it can also increase risk of non-payment from customers. In terms of where the cash they rich person made is going, we must look at how they are distributing their cash flow. Most cash was invested back into the transaction itself to build capital. It seems as if every dollar of profit was put towards more net working capital. testimonyIncreasing the payable days or lowering the days receivable outstanding would slenderize the cash conversion cycle. Although it is important to invest cash back into the company for growth, a more mercenary approach of holding on to more cash would benefit Horniman in the future.

Different forms of communication Essay

sign(a) communication is a way in with we communicate without speaking, this backside be using many distinguishable methods. Sign langue this is way in which we nominate communicate with a multitude who have hearing impairments. With children and new-fangled large number you can spend makaton witch is a basic from of sing langue. For adults you can use B.S.L which is con for British Sign Language.The British Deaf Association states that BSL is a first or preferred wording for nearly 7, 00000 people in the UK.(Nolan, Moonie, and Lavers 20005 health and social c ar page 13). Learning just a few simple sings and phrases will help with how you are able to relate to death people and how they respond to you. Pictures and symbols they are more common than you may think. For example road symbols, a zebra crossing has flashing belisha beacons these announce you where is safe to cross, also there are zebra crossing with traffic lights a red man flashes up when it is not safe to cr oss, when it is safe it flashes a green man. They also have a loud beeping sound. to the highest degree places use symbols to in class us and the workers about health and safety for example in a kitchen if the radix has just been cleaned, health and safety states that you must put up a bollard or come on displaying caution Wet Floor Body language, the way we stand or sit can take a big money for example if you stand with your arms folded it could imply a few things but close people often portray this as organism protective.If you were to have your arms in your lap you would be seen as more open, friendlily and relaxed. We can tell a lot from facial expressions we make assumptions of what we think people are feeling. For example it is quite easy to see if aboutone is smiling or frowning. Touch or connexion this can be shown in many un exchangeable ways for example a informal gesture could be a simple hand shake or offering a mortal your arm to help them cross a road, an oth er form of friendliness is to rest you hand or some ones shoulder as reassurance or as encouragement.A negative from of touch or contact can be an inappropriate sexual gesture for example slapping or pinching some ones bottom. Verbal communication is a way of using your words and phrases carefully and accurately good verbal communication is essential. at that place are many types of this. One to one this is when one person communicates with another in a unavowed conversation without other people joining in. this is mostly an intense conversation between two people exchanging information, which should be maintained a remembered and not subject to any other person.An receipts of this could be than an respective(prenominal) receives specialist assistance, help or support. A single out of this could be that the information could be biased. Group tidings this a little harder as it is altogether effective and works properly if everybody gets involved and has a prognosis to share t heir thoughts and opinions. In most groups there are some people who talk a lot and some that say very little or nothing at t every(prenominal). The people that talk a lot may over power the discussion and people may get left out.This can create an unfair discussion. Away around this could be to pass an object around and the person who drive it is the only that can speak you could also set a time limit of about 1minute. create verbally communication is a crucial part of working with in the caring services as it see to keep records and reports. They must be hand written it is unacceptable to abbreviate words or use informal language. There are many other forms of written communication like letters, voicemail, newspaper and cartridge holder articles. Written communication is very significant to within the personal credit line world, one of the main reasons is conformation of sails emails are ok but can be tampered with. Another reason that written communication is key to busines s is contracts with other business. The Advantages of written communication areIt is strate to the point and the information is precisely and accurate. Another advantage is that profound defences trusts written information as thy uses on a regular basis the written information as it pervades valid and trustworthy records. The disadvantages of written communication are if you were to manoeuver a letter to somebody cold away the responds would not be s and may tack a few weeks to be delved. A big disadvantage of written communication is than not every may be able to pick up you hand writing. Informal communication is for people who know each other well and maybe be used between those who work closely together on a day to day basis. This form of communication is used with personal conversations.Informal communication can help build better relationships with the cater you work with. An advantage of Informal communication allows you a variety of words according to the area you live in. For example a few of them things are phrases like hay up duck or you all right love. A disadvantage is you may say a word or sentence mean one thing, but some else might interpreted a have a whole different meaning.Formal communication is most likely to start with phrases and greetings like Good Morning, Good Afternoon or how are you today? It mostly used when communicating with professional people such as lawyers, other examples of this is a nurse talking to patient. Advantages of this form of communication are that is straight forward and to the point it has no slang or abbreviations. A disadvantage is that people dont always use scanty English so the information could be misinterpreted. Technological communication aids we have may electronically devices to help use communicate with people, most of these devices have change the manner in which we communicate with people, because of some devices we dont talk with our friends or family as much as we used to we just send an ele ctronically message this could be a text or picture message or email. telecommunicate amplifier this is device than can be attached to you tele prognosticate which can make the incoming calls louder and clearer to hear.These devices can be attached to either the ear piece of the handset or between the phone and handset only if you handset is detachable. An advantage of this is than is clear and easy to hear what a person is saying to you, a dis advantage is that simple plug in telephones are become less used instead they are being re place with cordless telephones. Mobile phones now days nearly everyone owns a mobile phone. either a plain and simple phone than just has texts and calls. Or a more advanced phone with lots of feathers like radio, keypad, mp3, touchscreen and apps (applications).This device has helped change the way we communicate with our friends and family. There are many advantages to owning a mobile phone you are contactable no matter where you are. Also if you ha d an apoplexy or saw an accident you would be able to get help. There are a lot of disadvantages for having a phone. Is that they could become a detraction at work. The most common one is than people use them when driving this highly risky and Couse a lot of accidents another disadvantage is that the older generation of people struggle to lean and look how to use them effective and just think they are pointless or a nuisance. Also a bad thing about mobiles is they are always being improved. One other disadvantage is theft. societal networking sites have changed the way we interact with people. There are many different social networking sites, flicker, hi 5, msn facebook and twitter the last two are the most commonly known and used. We can talk to friends and their friends but the shivery thing is we dont even know if our friends are how the say they are, so we must be very careful how we talk to people, we must also be careful what we say or spare about on social network sites , as what you have said can never be totally removed from the computer hard drive.The advantages of this form of communication are that you can upload photos and videos. Emails are like electronic letters, they give us a lot of important information. Advantages of emails are they are instant they are cheaper than letters as no postage for the stamp is required, also they are extremely degraded compared to traditional letters. Most companies now use emails as it an instant way of advertising as they can email hundreds of people at once. Disadvantages are that you receive scam emails which can place versus onto your computer. Another disadvantage is that some emails clam to be legitimate but scam the user into proving personal information like bank details, and address on a fake website the information is then used for indemnity theft.

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children Essay

comprehensive trust is identifying and understand any barriers that be stopping minorren from completing the bodily function. We rush to make sure that whatever the childs background they are able to amplyy union in with everything within the shallow. This entrust make the children see valued and fuddle a sense of belonging. comprehension body does not mean that we view each other the same or provide the same build, it is some making sure we are making adaptions to the operation instead of making a child do a completely assorted activity and make sure we are providing the same opportunities. We need to scoop on board and accept that the child is different.Medical model of Disability- The medical model is based on that children must adapt to the environment that exists, for example in my civilise there is downs syndrome boy he attends all lessons, but he has a support worker who is helping him. We assume that the child give adapt to our atmosphere, this means th at the boy will depend to a greater extent and more of others to help him. amicable Model of Disability- The social model is more ab come forth the inform adapting things to suit the child, so they have more independence. Changing the physical environment, which could be ramps or lower shelves for children with disabilities to reach. Providing information such as symbols or mutual opposition languageThe platform can be modified with additional support or ad on the nosements to assessments.Describe the features of an Inclusive Setting We often talk slightly the atmosphere of a school. This relates to a qualitying that everyone in the school matters and all play their own part in school life. When entering my school I felt relaxed and excited about being able to volunteer at this school. The reception area was colourful and full of childrens work. The staff throwmed friendly and made me feel welcome in their school. It is a clean, fresh and innovative school. An inclusive sett ing is setting which uses a whole school approach to learning, working within a team. Where any barriers are found, strategies need to be used to remove them.When working with special education ask children it is important to focus on what they are good at rather then what they cant do. So for example Two children are sitting in their place in the classroom and they are running behind with copying the work from the board, they are sat in a position where they have their backs to the board. So to overcome this barrier I will ask to move them so they can see the board more clearly and catch up with the work. A school with inclusive practice will have the following features* Barriers are recognisedThis could be from the parents, assessments, observations or staff noticing * Barriers will be aloof or minimised This can be done by arranging outside agencies to come in to the school and to change the environment for example ramp instead of steps * Pupils will be educated on board their peers A child who cannot do the work the class is doing should not be moved to a different room, they need to stay in the classroom and have more access to support or equipment that will help them. * Children are given the chance to use their own voice to air their views and opinions which will be listened to They should be involved in what they need, asked what barriers to be removed which will help them and asked simple questions about how the activity went and if they enjoyed it. A good way of letting children have a voice is a school council or a radio station. * There will be clear policies and proceduresAll policies and procedures will be reviewed on a regular basis and made clear to all staff * Staff will receive regular training relating to inclusion Staff members would be offered regular training when it comes to inclusion, diversity and equality of opportunities. * The school will work in partnership with stakeholdersThese will be parents, staff members or other outside ag encies * It will also work in partnership with other function This will be speech therapist, doctors, health visitors, social services to make sure that children are given professional help.Case Study Inclusive practice Sean has just qualified as a teaching assistant and has started his new post at a banging primary school. It is his first week and so that he gets to know the school, staff and children, he has been asked to work on base Kira, an experienced teaching assistant who has been at the school for a number of years. Sean joined Kira who was working with a assemblage of 7 year old children making 3D models. Sean noticed one of the children, Jamie, sitting at the side just watching and asked where his model was. Kiras reply was that because of his disability (cerebral palsy), Jamie had difficulty in apply the tools and materials. She said that she asks him to read a book during the art and craft lesson.Suggest how Jamie might feel Jamie would feel left out, upset and wa ndering why he is being left out. He might feel embarrassed or that he has done something wrong. Jamie could be bullied about the situation and children might vacate him out during playtime etc. Loneliness and isolated could be another feeling he might experience.What essence does this give to other children in the group-? Other children might get the impression that he cant do anything and end up doing everything for him. They might think that he is stupid or start to leave the child out in activities as they have watched staff members doing it. The children might refuse to do the activity as Jamie is seen not doing it and they might start to bully Jamie.Which policies, codes and legislation Sean refer to when challenging the exclusive practice with Kira- Diversity, inclusion, equality, discrimination act but most of all every child mattersSean will support this group in future weeks. How can he ensure that Jamie is included? He could research more about the condition that Jamie has, to be able to have more knowledge and help improve his support towards him. He could help plan the lesson with activities that Jamie could be involved with. Also giving Jamie a voice and asking him what activities he is able to do or how they can change them. Educate the other children about cerebral palsy so they can help Jamie out.Describe how inclusion works in your own sector of the childrens workforce All staff who work with children must all have a common understanding of values and principles of inclusion. The way that these are put into practice will be different with each utilisation within education and care of the children. The Early Years Foundation and National Curriculum give us clear guidance on an inclusive approach to learning and assessment.Providers have a responsibility to lift positive attitudes to diversity and difference, so that every child is included and not disadvantagedThis is a tilt from Early Years foundation Stage about the duty of settings to meet the needs of all children in relation to their learning and development. The National Curriculum Inclusion statement states that schools must apply a whole- school method to both the national and wider curriculum and that schools must * Provide a curriculum which ensures active participation and achievement of all pupils * Recognise pupils entitlement to high- quality learning experiences * Meet the needs and pursuit of all pupils* Recognise and overcome potential barriers to learning and assessment

The history and the future of GPS Research Paper - 1

The history and the future of GPS - Research Paper practiceAnother series of GPS Block III is under development process which would be able to fertilize more powerful signals and better (PNT).The Global Positioning System provides information related to time and location. It is a satellite navigation system which works well in all weather conditions on and fill to the earth (Global Positioning System). It is owned and maintained by the United States of America and serves in the PNT i.e. go undering, navigation and timing. GPS has vie vital role in modernizing the Air Traffic System and it has benefitted the military, army, civil and commercial users all more or less the world. The whole system is basically divided into three major atoms including Space segment, Control segment and drug user segment. The first two are developed and operated by the US Air Force (GPS overview).The space segment consists of a group of satellites which form a particular shape in the space and tran smit radio set signals to the users. At least 24 satellites are available in the space 95% of the time (Space segment). The keep in line segment represents all the ground facilities that monitor the satellites, analyze their data and keep a check on their performance (control segment). The user segment is used to calculate the users three dimensional position and time by GPS receiver equipment which receives the information from the satellites and transmit it to the GPS receiver device (user segment).GPS was developed by the US Department of Defense (DoD) and started its operations in 1994. The previous navigation systems had some limitations and drawbacks which actually gave rise to the induction of GPS. The project was developed in 1973 by the unification of ideas from the previously working navigation systems (National Research Council U.S.). originally it ran with 24 satellites.The first experimental GPS I satellite was launched in 1978 and by 1985 ten more satellites were