Study on the human kidney and kidney stones

Study on the human kidney and kidney fossasThere be normally two kidneys in humans. The kidneys are small organs which bed be plunge behind the abdominal cavity in a space called the retroperitoneum. They are approximately at the vertebral level of T12 to L3. The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis, excretion and releases important hormones.Small, solid masses called kidney stones whitethorn form when salts or minerals, which are normally found in urine, depart solid crystals inside the kidney. These crystals are normally too small to be become aware of, and pass harmlessly out of the body. However, they dis home build up inside your kidney and form a good deal larger kidney stones. If a stone becomes large enough, it may begin to move out of the kidney and progress by dint of the ureter (a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder). A kidney stone can become stuck at various parts of the ureter or kidney causing pain, transmittal and occasionally kid ney dam while. These kidney stones can be in many different shapes and sizes.The peak age for kidney stones is between 20 years old and 50 years old. The risk of having kidney stones in males is three to quatern times larger than in females. Other diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis, chronic diarrhoea, or kidney cysts index increase the risk of having kidney stones as well. If the patient has previously had a kidney stone then he/she leave have a 50 percent chance of developing an separate one within quint years. A family history of kidney stones excessively increases the risk of developing kidney stones (cvstine stones).Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume and/or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. The most common type of kidney stones present contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. Other chemical complexes that can form kidney stones in the urinary brochure include uric acid and t he amino acid cystine. Dehydration from reduced fluid intake, uppity sweating, or strenuous exercise without adequate fluid replacement may lead to the formation of kidney stones. stop to the flow of urine can to a fault lead to kidney stone formation. Kidney stones can also result from infection in the urinary tract these are known as struvite or infection stones. Ingesting too oftentimes lollipop, salts, and/or protein may lead to the formation of kidney stones as well. This is due to protein containing amino acids (which includes cystine) fructose is a sugar which some individuals metabolize into oxalate. Many different medical exam conditions may also lead to the formation of kidney stones. These medical conditions include gout (which results in an increased amount of uric acid in the urine and can lead to the formation of uric acid stones.), Hypercalciuria (too much calcium is absorbed from food and excreted into the urine, where it may form calcium phosphate or calcium ox alate stones.), hyperparathyroidism, cystinuria and hyperoxaluria. Medication may also lead to kidney stone formation. These medications include some diuretics, some chemotherapy medicines for cancer and some medication used to treat HIV and AIDS.The mien of kidney stones may cause the patient to have manifestations of sudden pains in their abdomen, lower back, or/and jetty area. Renal colic may occur in severe cases, which is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Kidney stones also cause blood to be present in urine this is caused by the kidney stone rubbing with the groin of the ureter. Sometimes symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty in urinating, and testicular pain may also occur. Fevers and chills may occur as well when the patient has kidney stones as well as an infection in the urinary tract.The diagnosis of kidney stones is suspected by the typical pattern of symptoms when other possible causes of the abdominal or side pains are excluded. Imaging tests are usuall y done to confirm the diagnosis. There are 2 methods that can be used to detect kidney stones, the helical CT scan (which detects any obstacle in the urinary tract without any contrast material) and the intravenous pyelogram (IVP an X-ray of the abdomen along with the judiciary of contrast dye into the bloodstream). Helical CT scans have been shown to be a significantly more efficacious diagnostic tool than the IVP in the diagnosis of kidney or urinary tract stones. In expectant women or those who should avoid radiation exposure, an ultrasound examination may be done to help piece the diagnosis.There are many methods of removing a kidney stone. Most kidney stones eventually pass through the urinary tract on their own within 48 hours, with ample fluid intake. Pain medications are used for symptom relief. For kidney stones that do not pass on their own, a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is often used. In this procedure, shock waves are used to break up a l arge stone into smaller pieces that can then pass through the urinary system. Surgical techniques have also been developed to remove kidney stones when other treatment methods are not successful or helpful. This may be done through a small incision in the skin (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) or through an instrument known as an ureteroscope, which is passed through the urethra and bladder up into the ureter.Rather than having to undergo treatment, it is best to avoid the formation of kidney stones in the first place when possible. It can be especially helpful to drink more water, since low fluid intake and desiccation are the major risk factors for kidney stone formation. Depending on the cause of the kidney stones and an individuals medical history, dietary and lifestyle changes and/or medications are sometimes recommended to decrease the likelihood of developing further kidney stones.